Blood sugar, or blood sugar levels , are a key component of our health. They are essential for providing energy to our bodies, including muscles and brains. Proper management of blood sugar levels is essential for preventing various diseases, including diabetes . This article takes an in-depth look at understanding blood sugar levels, what the norms are, what factors influence blood sugar levels , and how to monitor and manage abnormal values.
Understanding Blood Sugar and Its Importance
What is blood sugar?
Blood glucose refers to the concentration of glucose in the blood . Glucose is a form of sugar and is the main source of energy for our cells. After we eat food, especially those rich in carbohydrates , glucose is absorbed into the blood . Insulin , a hormone produced by the pancreas , allows cells to capture glucose to use it as an energy source. Do you know the definition of glucose ?
Why is blood sugar important?
Maintaining stable blood sugar levels is crucial for good health . Blood sugar levels that are too high or too low can have serious consequences . Hyperglycemia , high blood sugar, can lead to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nerve and kidney damage. Hypoglycemia , low blood sugar, can cause symptoms such as tremors, dizziness, and in severe cases, fainting or seizures. Balanced blood sugar levels help ensure optimal organ function and good daily energy .
Normal blood sugar values
Fasting and postprandial blood sugar: what’s the difference?
Fasting blood sugar : This is the measurement of blood sugar after a period of fasting for at least 8 hours , usually done in the morning before breakfast. Normal fasting values are between 70 and 100 mg/dL (3.9 to 5.6 mmol/L). A fasting blood sugar level above 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) may indicate diabetes.
Postprandial blood sugar : This measurement is taken about 2 hours after a meal . It helps assess the body's response to carbohydrate ingestion. Normal values after a meal should be below 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L). A postprandial blood sugar level above 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) is often used to diagnose diabetes.
Interpreting blood glucose values
Interpreting blood glucose results helps diagnose and manage conditions such as diabetes:
Hypoglycemia : A blood sugar level below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L). Symptoms include sweating, shakiness, excessive hunger, confusion, and fatigue. Severe hypoglycemia can lead to loss of consciousness.
Normoglycemia : Values between 70 and 100 mg/dL (3.9 to 5.6 mmol/L) fasting, and less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) after a meal.
Hyperglycemia : A fasting blood glucose level greater than 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or a postprandial blood glucose level greater than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L). Symptoms include excessive thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, and fatigue. Persistent high blood sugar is a sign of diabetes and should be treated promptly to prevent complications.
Blood sugar fluctuations
Factors influencing blood sugar levels
Many factors can influence glucose levels:
Diet : Carbohydrates, especially sugars and starches , raise blood sugar levels quickly . Fiber, on the other hand, slows down the absorption of glucose and helps stabilize blood sugar levels. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce sugar in your diet .
Physical activity : Exercise increases insulin sensitivity, allowing cells to better use glucose . Regular physical activity helps maintain stable blood sugar levels.
Stress and hormones : Stress can increase blood sugar levels by releasing hormones like adrenaline and cortisol . These hormones stimulate the liver to produce glucose.
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Understanding Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia are two extremes of blood sugar control.
Hyperglycemia : Occurs when blood sugar levels are too high . Causes may include a high-carbohydrate diet, lack of insulin , or insensitivity to insulin. Symptoms include excessive thirst, frequent urination, extreme fatigue, and frequent infections. If left untreated, high blood sugar can lead to serious complications such as cardiovascular disease, nerve damage, and kidney problems.
Hypoglycemia : Occurs when blood sugar levels are too low . It can be caused by too much insulin , intense exercise without adequate carbohydrate intake, or not eating enough. Symptoms include shakiness , sweating , hunger , confusion , and irritability . Severe hypoglycemia can lead to seizures and loss of consciousness.
Blood sugar monitoring
What is self-monitoring of blood glucose?
Self-monitoring of blood glucose allows individuals to regularly measure their blood glucose levels at home. It is especially important for people with diabetes because it allows them to actively manage their condition. Self-monitoring helps adjust diet , physical activity, and medications based on glucose levels.
Monitoring methods: from glucometer to continuous glucose sensors
Glucometer : A portable device used to measure blood sugar from a drop of blood . It is simple to use and gives fast results. It is ideal for one-off measurements.
Continuous Glucose Sensors : These devices are inserted under the skin and measure blood glucose levels continuously . They provide real-time data and trends, which is helpful for more proactive diabetes management. The sensors send alerts if values are too high or too low , allowing for immediate adjustments.
Frequency and key moments for measuring blood glucose
The frequency of measurements depends on medical recommendations and the type of diabetes. Here are some key times to measure blood sugar:
Before meals and snacks : To determine the insulin dose needed.
After meals : To assess the effect of food on blood sugar.
Before and after exercise : To avoid hypoglycemia due to physical activity.
Before bed : To ensure blood sugar levels are stable overnight.
In case of symptoms of variation : To check if the symptoms are due to abnormal blood sugar and take corrective measures.
Managing abnormal blood sugar values
Immediate actions in case of hypo or hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia : Quickly consume fast-absorbing carbohydrates such as fruit juice, candy, or glucose tablets. After 15 minutes, check blood sugar and consume additional carbohydrates if needed until blood sugar returns to normal . Eating a meal or snack containing complex carbohydrates is crucial to stabilize blood sugar.
Hyperglycemia : Administer a corrective dose of insulin as recommended by your doctor. Drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration . If blood sugar remains high, consult a healthcare professional for further advice. Avoid high carbohydrate foods and monitor symptoms closely.
When should you contact a healthcare professional?
It is crucial to contact a healthcare professional in the following situations for support:
- Consistently high or low blood sugar despite measures taken.
- Severe symptoms such as confusion , loss of consciousness or abdominal pain .
- Inability to self-manage blood sugar levels with available tools.
-Presence of ketones in the urine , a sign of metabolic decompensation requiring urgent medical attention.
-Planning major changes in treatment, such as a new medication or a change in insulin dose.
-In case of illness or infection , as this may affect blood sugar levels and require treatment adjustments.
In conclusion, blood sugar control is a delicate but essential balance for maintaining good health . With a thorough understanding, regular monitoring , and appropriate management , it is possible to maintain healthy blood sugar levels and prevent complications. Adopting healthy lifestyle habits, staying informed, and consulting a healthcare professional regularly are keys to optimal blood sugar control .
